From Struggle to Strength |
Reading, writing, and language are complex processes. There are many reasons a child might struggle—slow auditory processing, weak working memory, limited phonological awareness, or gaps in vocabulary. A student might seem off-task when in reality, they didn’t fully process a multi-step instruction. They may guess at unfamiliar words because their decoding skills were never truly developed. These behaviors look like inattention or avoidance, but they are often symptoms of an underlying language or learning difference.
As educators and professionals, we have a responsibility to seek answers, not assumptions. Just as we wouldn’t want a surgeon to operate based only on external signs without proper tests, we shouldn't make high-impact academic decisions without reliable data. A comprehensive evaluation gives us the insight we need to support—not mislabel—a child. Bottom Line: If a child is struggling, don’t assume it’s behavior. Don’t assume it’s ADHD. And please don’t assume it’s a lack of motivation. Instead, ask the right questions. Evaluate. Investigate. Understand. Because once we know the "why," we can finally do something about it—and help each child move forward with confidence.
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3/31/2016 0 Comments Have you ever heard or said yourself..."He is just lazy" or "He needs to try harder"?Sadly the behaviors we observe in a classroom setting or similar learning environment are often mislabeled as lack of attention, not being ready to learn, or the child is not interested in learning. Often we make bold assumptions about a child's motivation and level of ability ability based on a few behavioral observations. I'm not saying that Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) or other behavioral problems aren't possibilities. I am cautioning parents and professionals about making those statements BEFORE precise measures of specific skills have been gathered. It is human nature to avoid situations and expectations that are unpleasant and challenging. Every time I have to buy a pair of pants in a larger size I feel awful but I know exactly what needs to be don't to prevent this from happening. So I may find the initiative to begin an exercise regiment and I may be fairly committed for a few weeks, but since I am older now and terribly out of shape it takes longer for me to get any reward from all those efforts. I become discouraged and eventually reason with myself that it's not SO bad going up one pant size. Well 3 pant size later, my challenge and frustration are greater resulting in more excuses and less motivation.
Motivation is a powerful thing but it is also very fragile. When children come to me to test or even to begin intervention often the first hurdle is convincing them that I know what I'm doing. If you think about it that is a valid concern the child has because in his mind there is a school full of teachers, a house full of adults, and sometimes tutors that have come before Mrs. Melissa that all claimed they were going to "help" him and things are still hard and he is still not successful. The child often feels stupid and has no reason to believe Mrs. Melissa will be any different. Children enter school with skill sets that vary significantly. Some children enter school and with little effort from themselves or the teacher these kids thrive in the educational environment. Some children begin school just a little behind and everything is so new they are excited and in awe of it all. These kids will often seem to get off to a slow start but after a few weeks turn a corner and join the first group of peers. Some children start off and are clearly lacking the skills needed to be successful in the classroom. Most of the time these children, if not already identified, are easy to recognize and begin the process of referrals for testing, intervention, and possibly speech language or occupational therapy services. There is at least one more group of children. Now these students are the trickiest because our first impression is that they fall into one of the first two groups mentioned, immediate success or a slow start but quickly succeed. Maybe these children have great communication and social skills. They are eager to share a wealth of knowledge that impresses the teacher because surely if they are that successful orally that will transfer to success in written language. Maybe they start out weak in some areas but seem to "catch up". However typically after Christmas when classroom demands change parents and teachers witness these students begin to separate from their peers in their progress and level of success on critical academic skills like reading, spelling, and writing. Everyone is baffled because "he is so smart" and "he is so articulate and engaging". The desire for answers and the need to come up with a plan to promote success begins to add pressure to both parents and teachers. Teachers have to begin to make decisions for the next school year so bold statements are made without tangible factual evidence as to possibly reasons WHY this child has moved into a different group. Here are some of the statements I have been told. Even though I am using the pronoun "he/his/him" these comments are not unique to boys it's simply that boys are most often the ones who stand apart. I know these things are said about girls as well because my parents were told some of these things about me! 1. The work is getting harder and the he isn't trying or he isn't motivated to do the work. 2. He is lazy and gives up easily. He doesn't care about school. 3. He is successful if he likes what he is doing but he simply doesn't like school. 4. He isn't on task and is frequently doing other things, I think he may have some attention issues. 5. He is struggling with the increased responsibilities of middle school. He just needs to grow up. 6. He needs another year to mature so retention is in his best interest. 7. He just needs to read more. 8. He watches too much TV or spends too much time on some other electronic device. In order to be able to support these statements many other possible causes need to be ruled out. Here is a list of some things that could explain the same kind of behaviors children exhibit in the classroom. 1. Different people process auditory information at different rates and levels of accuracy. Some children need more time to process information or they need the information and instructions to be delivered in smaller chunks. Since we have a lot we are trying to accomplish each day in the classroom we will often rattle off a list of things for the students to do. For children who processes information at a slower rate or have a limited memory capacity, often hear the first part of the instructions or the last part but ultimately "loose" or miss a part. As a result the child does not perform the desired action because they can't remember it. So they either stall out at whatever the last step they remember thus looking like they are refusing to do the activity or got distracted in the process. Sometimes the child does what he thinks he heard because he knows there is something else and he doesn't want to get in trouble. The behaviors that are observed are often attributed to being distracted, not following directions, or being noncompliant. But if I need more time to process information or I struggle to hold information in my working memory I honestly don't remember or didn't accurately process what the teacher said. 2. Some children have a set of strengths in their oral language skills that allows them to be successful in the classroom in early elementary years because the nature of the classrooms provide a lot of visuals they can rely on to help them remember information. Also the books they are expected to read and discuss are often on topics they are familiar and therefore can rely on their prior knowledge to "read" a word even if they say turtle when the word is actually tortoise but they see in the picture an animal with a shell and they know the word turtle so it is a logical conclusion. Their comprehension of the material is not compromised because they know enough about the topic the book doesn't really add to any information so I can answer the questions regardless of how inaccurately they decoded each word. Also one of the first strategies we encourage children to use when reading is to look at the pictures "read" an unknown word. I'm not sure why these strategies are taught and encouraged because research has repeatedly proven they work less than 10% of the time when pictures are available. As for the child, the teacher observes success and then suddenly, usually later int he school year or in the next grade, the child isn't experiencing the same level of success. He must not like reading or isn't trying hard, right? He must not be paying attention to what he is reading, right? Well think about the environmental and curriculum changes that naturally occur as a student progresses through school. The ratio between the number of words and number of pictures on the pages in a book changes until there are only words and no more pictures. The strategy, look at the picture and think about what you are reading, we have encouraged from day 1 of instruction, the strategies the child has not relied upon are no longer available. So now the child is forced to rely on his decoding skills in order to read but have had very little practice with this skills therefore it is not his first line of defense. Besides sounding the word out will slow him down so he can just skip it because it can't be that important, right? Also, less and less information is displayed in the classroom and eventually children begin going to different classrooms for different subjects so even if something helpful like a word wall was displayed the child may not be in that classroom when he needs that support in order to be successful. Finally, as a child progresses through school there is a shift away from learning to read towards reading to learn. This means there is no more direct instruction provided in how to read, decode, or spell. We assume that if the child can read single syllable words with relative ease they will generalize that skill to multi syllable words. The thing we forget is that some of the sound symbol connections change as we increase the number of syllables in a word and one needs knowledge of syllable rules and spelling rules in order to be able to independently read those unfamiliar words. Also the vocabulary and content in the written material is beyond the child's oral language comprehension and vocabulary. So the strategy of stumbling through words and/or sounding a word out until it matches a word they know steadily decreases which is exacerbated because the words the child is being exposed to are the words he needs to grow and develop his oral language skills. It's a viscous cycle. I've only given two possibilities here but there are many more and all can be rules out by assessing specific skills. If a child is experience anything described above the behavior they will exhibit is similar to the behavior we attribute to attention deficits, behavior problems, or laziness. Can you confidently claim ADHD, behavior, or laziness are the culprits behind the behaviors observed in the classroom or at home? Of the two examples given above is there anything mentioned that could possibly describe your child or a student in your classroom? As educators, the decisions we make for children and the comments we boldly make can impact not only a child's progress in school that year, but also set the stage for academic progress and opportunities years down the road which sets the stage for the possibilities available to the child in adulthood. For me that is a lot of responsibility and I do not want to make a judgement based on observed behaviors without tangible and reliable information to support my claims. I wouldn't want a surgeon performing surgery where he thinks I need it based on observations. I would demand specific tests because I would want surgery at all to be the last resort. Shouldn't we apply that same expectation when making decisions about children? Through out history there are periods of time where an opportunity to be educated was a privilege of the wealthy. An education or lack there of separated classes of people. The ability to read was not a skill everyone had mastered or had the privilege to learn. One would think that hundreds of years and many generation later that the opportunity to be educated would no longer be limited to a few thus making it more of a privilege than a basic human right.
To my knowledge, neither of my grandparents had a college education. I am uncertain if my paternal grandfather even completed high school. My father was the first in his family to receive a college education. After graduating high school, my parents were not expected to go to college but had the opportunity if they wanted it. Many from their generation did not go to college or at least not immediately. That was not necessarily unusual especially since there were many trade schools available for people to train specifically for a job. As my parents raised my siblings and me it was always assumed we would each get a college education. I don’t remember a time my parents said we had to, it was just expected because they worked hard to make sure we had the opportunity. Of the four of us 3 have college degrees with two of us having advanced degrees. We are all successful professionals in our respective fields. The commonality between my siblings, my parents, and myself is that we all had the OPPORTUNITY to make a choice to go to college or pursue specialized training because we had a high school education. As we each graduated high school we were literate adults who could effectively communicate using written language. In short we could read and write. There is an assumption that if you have a high school diploma you are a literate adult. It is assumed that you have the ability to read and to write to the level that provides you the opportunity to go to college if you wanted or you could pursue a career of your choice. Sure there would be some who graduated better prepared and suited for continuing their education in college, but regardless of their decision for the future those high school graduates could read and write. In the past week HERE 4 Kids has been contacted by 3 different 19-year-old individuals who graduated from high school in 2015 and are struggling to begin careers because they cannot pass the various tests that give them the opportunities to pursue these careers. Every single one of these young adults lacks the necessary reading and writing skills to move on to the next stage of their life. These young adults all come from either a working class or middle class family. These young adults attended school regularly, received diplomas, and were deemed ready for life as a productive and contributing citizen in our society. So why can they not pass the necessary pretests to join the military or get a drivers license or enter a technical training program? Some of you reading may assume that these young adults have some kind of cognitive deficit. Well, I have looked at two of the three full psychoeducational evaluations completed by the schools these young adults attended and the results indicate at least two of them actually don’t have average cognitive ability because they have ABOVE average cognitive ability with IQ scores ranging from 118-130, average is 90-110. So I ask you again, why do these young adult high school graduates not have the basic level of proficiency in reading and writing needed to enter specific careers? Some may claim these young adults did not have good attendance or maybe they were behavior problems and that interfered with them learning. Again, after reviewing school records I can confirm not only were they not behavior problems but they attended area schools regularly and these school have a reputation for being one of the stronger schools in central Arkansas. A few weeks ago I met individually with one of these young adults whose parents had paid for additional tutoring after school for many years. Since graduating this parent continued to encourage her son to find help to improve his reading and writing ability so he can pursue training in a specific profession. In the beginning this young man was resistant because whose is to say that after 13 years of attending school regularly that someone else could help him now. He immediately began two different jobs working 7 days a week to make enough to live. His options for jobs are limited and therefore he works hard physical labor 7 days a week. Once the cold weather set in and his body began to feel the effects of this labor, he felt motivated to pursue other career options but knows he can’t get far unless he improves his reading and writing skills. My partner met with a young woman tonight who wants to enter the military but could not pass a written test, which is the first step in the process. This young person is angry because even after 13 years of an education she can’t pursue a career in the military because she does not have a necessary level of proficiency to read and write. If asked the questions she could be successful but when expected to read and write she is unsuccessful. My partner met with her tonight and like all first sessions she tested her knowledge of the basic sounds and symbols of our language. Like all other struggling readers, this young woman new most of her consonant sounds because those consistently make the same sound for the most part but was not proficient with reading vowel sounds like knowing the “ea” can be the long or short vowel E sound. If you can’t decipher the code, i.e. the letters and words, how can her knowledge be assessed except orally? There are many people through out history who fought for the opportunity to be educated because it is well known that an education equals opportunity. We have laws that require all children to regularly attend school. We have countless educational initiatives, better-trained teachers, and quality materials. So I ask again, how is it that we have three high school graduates who have few opportunities for their future? Maybe you think these young adults are not representative of a typical high school graduating class but when 68% of children are not reading on grade level, statistically these three young adults are the few brave enough to admit their weaknesses and pursue assistance. The next barrier is that with the jobs they are qualified to work they do not have excess time or income to support the typical tutoring and reading intervention fees. These three young adults will learn to read well enough to pursue the futures they want through our program because of the generosity of others. Sadly there are too many others that have already given up on their future. Maybe they are doing what they can to survive in life or maybe they are self medicating like many end up choosing. The statistics paint a very limited and grim future for those who cannot read and write. We have already failed one generation. Please help us change the face of education and use instruction that is supported by scientific research. Support our efforts to train current and future educators on the science of reading supported by countless studies on the brain and the neurological signature of learning differences such as Dyslexia. Stop arguing that we are doing it correctly. Stop making excuses that the problem is poverty or lack of parental support. These three young adults don’t meet that criteria and still can’t read and there are many children who succeed in spite of their socioeconomic status or the level of support of their parents. These three young adults, when they start their families, lack the basic reading and writing skills needed to help their children so do their children deserve the same limited opportunities because we failed their parents? We cannot move backwards and make education a privilege for a few. An education, especially the ability to read and write, is a basic human right because it is the key to opportunities in the future. The fewer literate high school graduates we produce the fewer competent and able people we have for our work force. We are heading in the wrong direction. Help us help others. Help us give children the basic human right, the ability to read and write, so they can accomplish whatever goal they set in the future. The National Reading Panel accomplished some goals toward improved reading instruction especially in identifying 5 basic components of reading (phonemic awareness, phonics, vocabulary, fluency, and comprehension). However, it oversimplified these components making it seem that if those were addressed the various programs were in fact scientifically based and sufficient. However, that is simply not the case.
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